J stud alcohol drugs

Drinking College Students: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. AU: Samson JE, Tanner-Smith EE; SO: J Stud Alcohol Drugs. Jul;76(4) OBJECTIVE. The African Journal of Drug & Alcohol Studies is an international j stud alcohol drugs journal published by the African Centre for Research and. The college and noncollege experience: a review of the factors that influence drinking behavior in young adulthood. J Stud Alcohol Drugs. Selnow GWCrano WD Formal vs informal group affiliations: implications for alcohol and drug use among adolescents. J Stud Alcohol. ; 52Google.

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Perceiving no need for treatment for cannabis use was cited as the main barrier to treatment in a Spanish study of 16—21 year olds [ 34 ]. If engagement with self-help groups or new forms of self-help treatment such as websites or apps to reduce cannabis use are included as forms of treatment, the proportion of untreated people should decrease [ 35 ].

As the NDTRS collects data from treatment services only, it is likely that an unknown number of Irish CUD cases have availed of treatment via their GP, at general counselling services or via self-help groups such as Narcotics Anonymous. The potential size of the population in need of treatment has historically been estimated by measuring the proportion of the people who meet diagnostic criteria in surveys of self-reported symptom such as the CIDI and DSM [ 36 ].

This method equates treatment need to prevalence and assumes that substance use diagnosis is a reflection of those who require treatment in the population. There is debate on whether diagnosis of substance use disorder based on DSM criteria indicates a need for treatment. It has been argued that simply using such diagnostic instruments is inadequate as they overestimate the total treatment need and do not take into account clinical significance [ ].

Women generally encounter more barriers than men when accessing addiction treatment and are less likely to seek treatment for substance use [ 39 ]. It would appear in Ireland that this is not the case for women with CUD. Although women account for a small proportion of CUD cases, they are as likely as men to receive treatment.

Treated cases were significantly more likely to have commenced cannabis use at an earlier age. Early age of onset of use is a known factor in predicting more severe dependence [ 27, 40, 41 ]. Relapse is more common in people who commence use at a young age so they may be over-represented in treatment episodes. Cases receiving treatment for cannabis use were significantly more likely than those in the general population to have lower educational attainment and to be unemployed, which suggests that those with more complex or disadvantaged lives are more likely to seek treatment.

This is consistent with the literature, which has found that financial considerations and low educational attainment are associated with treatment entry [9, 10 ]. People from such backgrounds may be more likely to encounter the criminal justice system but such contact is unlikely to explain their increased treatment participation in Ireland as only 6.

It is possible that the negative consequences of cannabis use are greater among those who are socioeconomically disadvantaged. On the other hand, the rate of treatment attendance by people in employment was particularly low. The reasons for this are unclear but warrant exploration. Outpatient-based services tend to operate during standard working hours so this may perhaps be an obstacle for those in employment.

There may be additional worries for such people in disclosing to employers their need for time off work to attend addiction treatment. We also found no evidence that parental status was associated with treatment attendance, about 1 in 8 people with a CUD in the population were living with dependent children, a similar proportion as those treated for cannabis use.

The median time from referral to treatment start was 7 days, thus, we can conclude that those who want treatment receive it and that long waiting times are not a barrier to accessing treatment. J stud alcohol drugs However, our results suggest that there may be a considerable number of people in Ireland with CUD who would benefit from treatment, even if it is more informal treatment types.

There is a need to better understand what barriers are preventing people with CUD from accessing help. NDTRS data show that half of all those receiving treatment were self-referrals or referred by family or friends. This highlights the need for the identification and referral of CUD clients to appropriate treatment services.

This study has a number of strengths. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first analysis to comprehensively describe CUD in the general population and the demand for cannabis treatment using multi-source national datasets. The GPS is a large national survey that is representative of the Irish population and used a valid and reliable instrument to measure CUD.

The NDTRS is based on a standardised European treatment demand protocol [ 17 ], a harmonised methodology for drug treatment data collection, enabling international comparisons. NDTRS data coverage numbers of admissions and treatment centres reporting data is high [ 19 ] and current drug problems are assessed and recorded by professionals treating the individual with training and documentation on the questionnaire regularly provided.

However, this study has a number of limitations which need to be considered when interpreting the findings. The sampling procedures employed by the GPS do not allow for people in prison or other institutionalised individuals, homeless individuals, or travellers an ethnic minority in Ireland who do not live in private households, potentially excluding adults with serious cannabis use problems.

A total of cases, accounting for 4. It is likely that other measures of disadvantage such as low income, area level deprivation, social isolation, and marginalisation may help explain why treatment entry was so low. GPS results were based on self-reports that may be influenced by reporting or recall bias. The GPS would be improved by the inclusion of questions on treatment utilisation and on measures of disadvantage to enable more accurate measurement of the extent of treatment seeking or treatment use among the general population.

It would be of benefit to include CUD scores in the NDTRS to better understand treatment requirements, and, in particular, distinguish between those who seek treatment because of the negative physical or psychological effects of cannabis and those who may be referred through the criminal justice system.

Also, within the NDTRS it is possible that individuals may appear more than once if they are treated in different centres or if they return to treatment in the same centre within the same calendar year. In the absence of a national system-wide unique identifier in the Irish health system, it is not possible to accurately distinguish between cases and individuals. Therefore, differences between groups may be slightly overestimated as those with complex CUD needs or disadvantaged lives may be more likely to seek treatment more than once per calendar year.

A considerable number of people in Ireland have CUD, but the overall rate of treatment attendance for cannabis use is low. There is a need to better understand what barriers are preventing people with CUD from accessing help as short waiting times suggest that treatment is available for those who seek it.

Given the prominence and availability of cannabis and the likelihood that users tend to be younger and may have limited contact with health professionals, prevention strategies, and early identification of problematic use are recommended. A broader population health approach that engages multiple sectors such as health, social welfare, criminal justice, and education would ensure that there is increased opportunity for people with CUD to be identified and signposted towards treatment.

The analyses using the NDTRS presented in this paper used routinely collected and anonymised secondary data; study-specific consent was therefore not required. The funder had no role in the analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. All authors reviewed and approved the final version of the manuscript. Sign In or Create an Account.

Search Dropdown Menu. Advanced Search. Skip Nav Destination Close navigation menu Article navigation. Volume 28, Issue 2. Materials and Methods. Statement of Ethics. Conflict of Interest Statement. Funding Sources. Author Contributions. Data Availability Statement. Article Navigation. Research Articles October 13 Deirdre Mongan Deirdre Mongan.

This Site. Google Scholar. Anne Marie Carew Anne Marie Carew. Suzi Lyons ; Suzi Lyons. Brian Galvin ; Brian Galvin. Bobby P. Smyth Bobby P. Eur Addict Res 28 2 : — Article history Received:. Cite Icon Cite. Table 1. Smu bc line Estimates of past year CUD in the Irish population 15 years and over.

View large. View Large. Table 2. Profile of cases seeking treatment for cannabis use. Table 3. The authors have no competing interests to declare. Bulletin 1. Examining the profile of high-potency cannabis and its association with severity of cannabis dependence. Search ADS. Cannabis use among people entering drug treatment in Europe: a growing phenomenon?

Department of Health. Reducing harm, supporting recovery. A health-led response to drug and alcohol use in Ireland — Prevalence and correlates of treatment utilization among adults with cannabis use disorder in the United States. Associations of parental marijuana use with offspring marijuana, tobacco, and alcohol use and opioid misuse.

Ipsos MRBI. Technical report. Rising incidence of ageing opioid users within the EU wide treatment demand indicator; the Irish opioid epidemic from to Treatment demand indicator TDI standard protocol 3. Guidelines for reporting data on people entering drug treatment in European countries.

The experience of the treatment demand indicator in Europe: a common monitoring tool across 30 countries. Health Research Board. Travellers accessing addiction services in Ireland to : analysis of routine surveillance data. American Psychiatric Association. Structure, content and reliability of the Munich-composite international diagnostic interview M-CIDI substance use sections.

Prevalence and correlates of DSM-5 cannabis use disorder, — findings from the national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions-III. J stud alcohol drugs What is the prevalence and risk of cannabis use disorders among people who use cannabis. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Alcohol and drug treatment systems in public health perspective: mediators and moderators of population effects.

Tiered frameworks for planning substance use service delivery systems: origins and key principles. Common mental disorder diagnosis and need for treatment are not the same: findings from a population-based longitudinal survey. The general debilitation of the adolescent was improved during the process of detoxification and high energy feeds were instituted after correcting the vitamin and metabolic disturbances.

Social workers were also involved in the process. It also included the development of drug logs when the child took the drug and when he was abstinent and progress reviews to avoid the risky situations. Engagement in healthy was promoted and periodic rewards for abstaining were offered to the child.

Alcohol dependence in father was also addressed and was included in the treatment. The child was discharged from the hospital uneventfully. The alcohol intake decreased during the subsequent follow-up visits. The child had a regular follow up with the clinic for a span of 1 year during which general condition of the child showed improvement however then subsequently dropped out.

Contrast study of the head: Sequential section associated with cerebeller atrophy and generalized attenuaton of white matter. Substance abuse is on the rise in India particularly among the adolescents. The last several decades have noticed a growing prevalence of inhalant use in India; most notably volatile petroleum products, correcting fluids and adhesives [ 1 — 3 ].

There are very few reported studies from India on inhalant abuse. Between ; a study carried out showed that 4. Another study done over a course of 2 years demonstrated that among majority of adolescents; the first use was attributed to curiosity and a desire to experiment [ 4 ].

The reason for growing use of inhalants among adolescents may be attributed to the low cost, easy availability and faster action [ 3 , 5 ]. Few studies document higher use of inhalants by adolescents of low to middle socio economic status [ 3 , 5 , 6 ]. There is also high prevalence of school dropouts and unemployed status [ 1 , 3 , 6 ]. There are several consequence of inhalant abuse.

The patient may suffer from asphyxia, accidental injury, cardiac arrhythmias, respiratory depression; and in most severe cases; it may lead to death [ 6 , 7 ]. Continuous use can lead to the development of withdrawal syndrome on abrupt discontinuation of use.

The symptoms observed upon withdrawal include sweating, nausea, vomiting, lack of sleep, craving, lack of concentration, jitteriness, irritability, rise in heart rate, headache, body aches, tingling sensations; and in some of the cases, can even lead to delusions, altered perceptions and hallucinations inhalants produce vapours, these can be sniffed or taken in deep breaths.

The effect appears within minutes. The duration of the high can last from minutes to hours [ 8 ]. Inhalant abuse in small doses produces a pleasing sensation and a sense of euphoria [ 7 ]. Studies looking at white matter changes demonstrate that inhalant abuse is associated with a lower IQ; affecting both verbal and performance IQ; however the former is affected more [ 9 , 10 ].

Alcohol abuse in India too is rising rapidly. In s, the first age of alcohol use was reported to be 28 years; but this has now fallen to 17 years in [ 11 ]. Alcohol intoxication also has several dire consequences. These include poor judgement, impaired coordination, ataxia, nausea, vomiting, euphoria and slurring of speech.

Withdrawal from alcohol consumption can lead to development of anxiety, difficulty with sleep, autonomic instability, hallucinations —visual, tactile or auditory and seizures; called delirium tremens. Alcohol abuse in children manifests as difficult behaviour in school, social impairment, inability to learn and the development of conduct disorder can also occur.

A consumption of 40 g of pure alcohol in a day by men and 20 g of pure alcohol in day by women falls under the criteria for heavy drinking; causing harm to health [ 12 ]. The child also suffered from anaemia as seen in case. Anaemia in alcoholics has a complex and multifactorial aetiology and can be microcytic or macrocytic. Poor nutrition, liver dysfunction and a state of chronic inflammation all contribute to it [ 13 ].

There are many factors which may be contributory to the development of substance abuse in the patient in this case report which can be explained on the basis of bio-psycho-social model. These include family history of substance use, peer pressure, easy availability of drugs, lower social strata, family with conflicts and lack of proper parenting. There are no studies currently in literature featuring combined abuse of glue and alcohol.

In our case; when the child was suffering from combined glue and alcohol intoxication; disorientation, ataxia, restless, diaphoresis and nystagmus were noted. In the phase of combined withdrawal; the child complained of increasing slurring of speech and difficulty hearing voices and sleep disturbances. This case is first of the kind depicting clinical features as well as withdrawal of combined volatile and moderate alcohol abuse.

The feature of combined intoxication of the two abused substances makes it difficult for the clinician to reach a diagnosis. Our case report thus puts forward the scenario of increasing combined alcohol and volatile substance abuse and growing problem of the same. Also, this case sensitizes physicians to think of substance abuse to be a complex presentation in the child.

However, more exploration, case studies for assessing symptoms of intoxication and withdrawal in case of combined volatile and alcohol abuse are needed. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. J Clin Diagn Res. Published online Aug 1. Find articles by Soumya Sachdeva.

Find articles by Raghu Gandhi. Find articles by Pankaj Verma. Find articles by Arshdeep Kaur. Find articles by Rohit Kapoor. Corresponding author. E-mail : moc. Abstract Substance abuse has been defined as the use of chemical substances for non medical purposes in order to achieve alterations in psychological functioning.

Keywords: Alcohol abuse, Diffuse cerebral and cerebellar atrophy, Polychloroprene solvent, Sensorineural hearing loss. Case Report A year-old adolescent male with a normal birth history and developmental milestones and belonging to low socioeconomic status; was brought to the outpatient department by his mother who permitted and consented along with the child in writing the report, complained that the child was smelling a rubber based adhesive using a handkerchief since the last 3 years.

Open in a separate window. Discussion Substance abuse is on the rise in India particularly among the adolescents. Conclusion This case is first of the kind depicting clinical features as well as withdrawal of combined volatile and moderate alcohol abuse. Dependence on petrol — a clinical study. Indian J Psychiatry.

Petrol-inhalation dependence: a case report. Inhalant abuse by adoles-cents: a new challenge for Indian physicians. Indian J Med Sci. Inhalant abuse: An exploratory study. Industrial Psychiatry Journal. Street and working children in Delhi, India, misusing toluene: An ethnographic exploration. Subst Use Misuse.